Friday, December 18, 2009
Reaction Comparisons
Compare the events of the light dependent reaction and the light independent reaction. Where does the Calvin cycle fit in and where does the electron transport system fit in to this discussion?
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
Comparison Blog
Compare and contrast the processes of cellular respiration, fermentation and photosynthesis.
Thursday, December 10, 2009
From the beginning
You may use your books of course, but trace the sequence of events that are required to convert Glucose into a whole boat load of ATP. Start with glycolosis and finish with the Eletron Transport System.
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.html
This site may help as well.
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.html
This site may help as well.
Tuesday, December 8, 2009
Respiration
You are in the process of exercising. You still have some oxygen in your body, but your energy levels seem to be depleting. Describe the steps of the Kreb's cycle to explain what your body is doing to produce more energy.
Friday, December 4, 2009
Summarize
The process of phosphorylation. You can talk about substrate level, oxidative and chemiosmosis when you are summarizing the process, but remember to include some information on the overall goal of this process and what role does the electron tramsport system (redox reactions) play in this process.
Monday, November 23, 2009
Ch. 4 post
Explain what active transports are and their role then differentiate them from facilitated difffusion
Chapter 4
There are many different types of membranes that are in the human body. First explain what a membrane is and then explain the difference between biological membranes and plasma membranes.
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
Cell as a city
Describe the cell as a city. Make sure to add as may of the roles of the organelles as you can and relate them to a role of a prominent member of the city.
Friday, November 13, 2009
Monday, November 9, 2009
Characteristics of life
For your first comment, add a post that outlines the characteristics of life. Make sure to explain each one of them. Do not just write the list.
Monday, October 26, 2009
Down Syndrome and SCR
Mutations are a sudden departure from the parents in one or more characteristics. Mutations cause disorders by adding, deleting, or extending a gene strand. These disorders can be large or small depending on how much of the DNA is changed.
There are four types of inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked recessive, and x-linked dominant. Autosomal dominant is when the inheritor has a 50/50 chance of receiving the mutated gene. This is because the carrier only has one copy of the mutant allele and one normal copy. Autosomal recessive is when the inheritor only has a 25% chance of inheriting the mutation because the disorder is only inheritable if there are two copies of it. If there is only one copy of the gene the inheritor is only a carrier of the gene but is not affected by it. X-linked recessive inheritance is a something that is more likely to infect a man because they only have one set of the gene they will automatically be affected by the mutation because they do not have an extra copy. X-linked recessive inheritance also can only be passed from male to female but from female to male and female. Females are very likely to not get a X-linked recessive disorder because they need to have two copies of it for the mutation to have an affect. X-linked dominant inheritance is more likely to affect the female because there is not transmission from father to son and automatic transmission from father to daughter. There is only a 50% chance of a mother passing it on also.
Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that is caused by extra material added to the 21st chromosome. There are no environmental factors that can lead to the disorder of Down Syndrome. Recently they have found a shot that can be given to relieve some symptoms, but it has only been used on test mice. It is not yet known whether it will work on human beings. Not a whole lot of research has been happening with Down Syndrome lately; scientists believe that it is too complex of a disorder to have a cure be found. Down Syndrome causes a flat facial profile, squinty eyes, heart problems, low muscle tone, slower growth rate, and learning disabilities. Stem Cells are cells that haven’t committed to a specific type of cell yet. The hope for them is that if they replace them with other cells in the human body they will be able to heal and help different health problems. It is controversial because they use unborn babies as test subjects. That kid will never have a chance to live a life, and it was born for purely research purposes. It almost lowers the value of human life. I do not think that it should be legalized for the simple fact that it’s killing babies. All humans should have the right to live a normal life, and stem cell research can take that away. There is a chance that stem cell research could find a way to replace the missing chromosome from a down baby, but I don’t think it’s worth killing another one.
There are four types of inheritance patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked recessive, and x-linked dominant. Autosomal dominant is when the inheritor has a 50/50 chance of receiving the mutated gene. This is because the carrier only has one copy of the mutant allele and one normal copy. Autosomal recessive is when the inheritor only has a 25% chance of inheriting the mutation because the disorder is only inheritable if there are two copies of it. If there is only one copy of the gene the inheritor is only a carrier of the gene but is not affected by it. X-linked recessive inheritance is a something that is more likely to infect a man because they only have one set of the gene they will automatically be affected by the mutation because they do not have an extra copy. X-linked recessive inheritance also can only be passed from male to female but from female to male and female. Females are very likely to not get a X-linked recessive disorder because they need to have two copies of it for the mutation to have an affect. X-linked dominant inheritance is more likely to affect the female because there is not transmission from father to son and automatic transmission from father to daughter. There is only a 50% chance of a mother passing it on also.
Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that is caused by extra material added to the 21st chromosome. There are no environmental factors that can lead to the disorder of Down Syndrome. Recently they have found a shot that can be given to relieve some symptoms, but it has only been used on test mice. It is not yet known whether it will work on human beings. Not a whole lot of research has been happening with Down Syndrome lately; scientists believe that it is too complex of a disorder to have a cure be found. Down Syndrome causes a flat facial profile, squinty eyes, heart problems, low muscle tone, slower growth rate, and learning disabilities. Stem Cells are cells that haven’t committed to a specific type of cell yet. The hope for them is that if they replace them with other cells in the human body they will be able to heal and help different health problems. It is controversial because they use unborn babies as test subjects. That kid will never have a chance to live a life, and it was born for purely research purposes. It almost lowers the value of human life. I do not think that it should be legalized for the simple fact that it’s killing babies. All humans should have the right to live a normal life, and stem cell research can take that away. There is a chance that stem cell research could find a way to replace the missing chromosome from a down baby, but I don’t think it’s worth killing another one.
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Alzheimer’s and Stem Cells
Genetic disorders are diseases caused by abnormalities in one’s DNA. These “abnormalities” can range from a small mutation in a single nucleotide to the addition or subtraction of entire chromosome pairs. One might imagine why the mutation of a single gene could cause an entire disorder like Sickle Cell Disease or Cystic Fibrosis. It is because each three gene pair is called a codon. These codons are used in protein synthesis to make a specific protein. Each codon “codes” for a specific amino acid. However, if one codon (possibly one gene) is mutated, the wrong amino acid(s) may be used in protein synthesis. Now the organism has a completely different protein with a completely different structure than what it originally needed. A genetic disorder is born.
We get our genetic information from our parents. This process of passing on genes is called “inheritance.” Each parent contributes half or the offspring’s total DNA. Genes can be described as dominant or recessive. Since the offspring receives a copy of each chromosome from its parent, the gene that ‘dominates’ can be observed. However, the offspring could be a carrier for the recessive gene. The pattern can be described by the pattern aa, AA, Aa, (aA).
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. I decided to research this disorder because my mom has dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized as an incurable, degenerative, and terminal and is generally attributed to those over 65. As of now, no medicines slow the progression of the disease. Only some slightly reduce its symptoms. Only a few hypotheses are in acceptance. One describes reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Another postulated that amyloid beta deposits were the cause for AD. Support for this idea came from the location of the gene for the amyloid beta precursor protein on chromosome 21. Evidence also arose when a pattern was noticed in patients with Down Syndrome. They developed AD by age 40 and have an extra gene copy of chromosome 21.
Stem cell research is the controversial study of regenerative cells. A stem cell is characterized by its ability to renew itself through mitosis and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two broad classifications for mammalian stem cells: Embryonic and Adult (embryonic are more researched because they are more medically valuable). Embryonic stem cells are found in multi-cellular embryos ant are known as totipotent (omnipotent) meaning that they could, at this point, differentiate into any type of mammalian cell with enough stimulation for that type. Most research today is being done on mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. Some research, however, has been conducted on human embryonic stem (hES) cells. Here lies the controversy. Many people believe that human embryos (even those obtained from abortions) should not be used for such research as it is “inhumane.” I believe that embryonic stem cell research should only be conducted on aborted embryos if the parent(s) agree(s) to it. I believe that it is their choice. However, in no cases should an embryo be used in research without parental consent. Alzheimer’s disease could be affected by stem cell research, but it is hard to say at this point. Little is known about Alzheimer’s and stem cells. Hopefully advances in stem cell research and determining the cause for AD can be paired into a cure for AD or even a treatment of any kind.
Research Paper
- Explain how mutations can cause genetic disorders:
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can range from a small mutation in a single gene to the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. - Describe inheritance patterns:
Genetic conditions caused by a mutation in a single gene follow predictable patterns of inheritance within families. Single gene inheritance is also referred to as Mendelian inheritance as they follow transmission patterns he observed in his research on peas. There are four types of Mendelian inheritance patterns:
Autosomal: the gene responsible for the phenotype is located on one of the 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex determining chromosomes).
X-linked: the gene that encodes for the trait is located on the X chromosome.
Dominant: conditions that are manifest in heterozygotes (individuals with just one copy of the mutant allele).
Recessive: conditions are only manifest in individuals who have two copies of the mutant allele (are homozygous). - Choose a particular genetic disorder
Down syndrome
Describe in detail:
The cause of the disorder
Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality characterized by the presence of an extra copy of genetic material on the 21st chromosome, either in whole (trisomy 21) or part (such as due to translocations). The effects of the extra copy vary greatly among people, depending on the extent of the extra copy, genetic history, and pure chance.
Any research current to this disorder
Many institutes are working on a cure for down syndrome but as of right now, there are no current cures for the disorder. One thing that has been done is plastic surgery. That is to decrease the social stigma which sometimes leads to a better quality of life. Plastic surgery is very uncommon though.
Problems that arise from this disorder
People that have down syndrome often have physical features that are uncommon. They have mircogenia which is a abnormally small chin, oblique eye fissures, muscle hypotonia (poor mucle tone), a flat nasal bridge, a single palmar fold, a protruding tongue and more. Down syndrome can result from several different genetic mechanisms. This results in a wide variability in individual symptoms due to complex gene and environment interactions. Prior to birth, it is not possible to predict the symptoms that an individual with Down syndrome will develop. Some problems are present at birth, such as certain heart malformations. Others become apparent over time, such as epilepsy. Cognitive development in children with Down syndrome is quite variable. Language skills show a difference between understanding speech and expressing speech, and commonly individuals with Down syndrome have a speech delay, requiring speech therapy to improve expressive language. Fine motor skills are delayed and often lag behind gross motor skills and can interfere with cognitive development.
Any other interesting information relative to this disorder
Pregnant women can be screened for various complications during pregnancy. Many standard prenatal screens can discover Down syndrome. Genetic couseling. along with genetic testing, such as amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), or percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS) are usually offered to families who may have an increased chance of having a child with Down syndrome, or where normal prenatal exams indicate possible problems.
- Stem cell research
What is it?
Stem cell research is a relatively new technology that takes primitive human cells and develops them into most any of the 220 varieties of cells in the human body, including blood cells and brain cells.
Why is it so controversial?
The controversy over stem cells is from the destruction of fertilized human eggs when harvesting embryonic stem cells, therefore killing the human child that the egg could have developed into. Currently, scientists and researchers are only using embryos that are unwanted and would already not be given an opportunity to develop into a human being. For instance, infertility doctors typically create several embryos for women who are unable to naturally become pregnant, and then the doctor chooses the best fertilized egg to implant into the woman and disposes of all the remaining eggs. Instead of these embryonic eggs going to waste, they are sometimes used for stem cell research.
Your stance on if it should/ should not be legal
I think that stem cell research should be legal if fertilized human eggs aren’t being destroyed. I think that stem cells could potentially (if done correctly with enough research) help people that have many disorders or diseases have a normal life that many others already have.
Potential impact of SCR on your disorder
Stem cell research could possibly find a cure for down syndrome although at this moment there is no cure for it. It could give those people a normal life that they do not have.
The human genome is a very complex thing, scientists aren’t even close to figuring it out, and every thing needs to be just right for a “normal” child to be born. If even the smallest gene is changed it could result in a child that has a disorder. These mutations are when the normal DNA sequence of a gene is changed in a way that makes it so a protein encoded by the gene malfunctions. If a protein malfunctions then every cell containing that protein is at risk, and those cells are putting the cells around them at risk, of not being able to do their job, creating a defect in the child.
Mutations can occur because of chance, or they can be passed through generations, these patterns are called inheritance patterns. There are four different types of single gene inheritance patterns, these are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked dominant, and x-linked recessive. The autosomal traits are found on the 22 non-sex determining pairs of chromosomes. The x-linked traits are all found on your x chromosome. The other two types of inheritance patterns are multifactoral inheritance, where several factors create the disorder, and mitochondrial inheritance, where the mitochondria’s function is slowed, or ended.
An example of a genetic disorder is Huntington’s Disease, which is an inherited neurological disorder that causes involuntary movements, severe emotional disturbance, and cognitive decline. The gene that causes Huntington’s is found on chromosome 4 which codes for the protein huntingtin, whose function is unknown. Huntingtin is usually coded with the three letters CAG repeated 11-29 times, but in the defective gene CAG is repeated 40-80 times. Huntington’s is a disease that causes the malfunctioning huntingtin to clump in the brain, most commonly effecting the Basal ganglia and cortex, which control movement, thought, perception, and memory. It also destroys neurological cells. The latest discovery relating to Huntington’s happened while it was being researched at the University of California Irvine; here they found that they could prevent cell death in a fruit fly that carried the gene defect. They believe they’ve found how the mutation alters the chemical pathway to cause the disease.Stem cell research is a hot button issue these days that has the potential to help cure many disorders involving cell death, overgrowth, or malfunction. Stem cells are cells that can be turned into almost any kind of cell, which could help cure those with disorders that cause cell malfunction. Stem cells were first taken from embryos, these embryonic stem cells are why most people are against stem cell research, they believe that it is wrong to create embryos just for their cells and then just get rid of them. However now there is a new type of stem cell found in adults. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells among cells that serve a purpose, and these can be programmed for a function. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been returned to an embryonic state and are used for the same function. Stem cell research should be legalized so that people who are suffering from painful and life altering disorders may have the chance to be like everyone else. Stem cell research has they potential to cure those with Huntington’s, by replacing the dead neurological cells in their brains.
Mutations can occur because of chance, or they can be passed through generations, these patterns are called inheritance patterns. There are four different types of single gene inheritance patterns, these are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked dominant, and x-linked recessive. The autosomal traits are found on the 22 non-sex determining pairs of chromosomes. The x-linked traits are all found on your x chromosome. The other two types of inheritance patterns are multifactoral inheritance, where several factors create the disorder, and mitochondrial inheritance, where the mitochondria’s function is slowed, or ended.
An example of a genetic disorder is Huntington’s Disease, which is an inherited neurological disorder that causes involuntary movements, severe emotional disturbance, and cognitive decline. The gene that causes Huntington’s is found on chromosome 4 which codes for the protein huntingtin, whose function is unknown. Huntingtin is usually coded with the three letters CAG repeated 11-29 times, but in the defective gene CAG is repeated 40-80 times. Huntington’s is a disease that causes the malfunctioning huntingtin to clump in the brain, most commonly effecting the Basal ganglia and cortex, which control movement, thought, perception, and memory. It also destroys neurological cells. The latest discovery relating to Huntington’s happened while it was being researched at the University of California Irvine; here they found that they could prevent cell death in a fruit fly that carried the gene defect. They believe they’ve found how the mutation alters the chemical pathway to cause the disease.Stem cell research is a hot button issue these days that has the potential to help cure many disorders involving cell death, overgrowth, or malfunction. Stem cells are cells that can be turned into almost any kind of cell, which could help cure those with disorders that cause cell malfunction. Stem cells were first taken from embryos, these embryonic stem cells are why most people are against stem cell research, they believe that it is wrong to create embryos just for their cells and then just get rid of them. However now there is a new type of stem cell found in adults. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells among cells that serve a purpose, and these can be programmed for a function. Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that have been returned to an embryonic state and are used for the same function. Stem cell research should be legalized so that people who are suffering from painful and life altering disorders may have the chance to be like everyone else. Stem cell research has they potential to cure those with Huntington’s, by replacing the dead neurological cells in their brains.
Genetic Disorder Research Project
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can range from a small mutation in a single gene to the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes.
Genetic conditions caused by a mutation in a single gene follow predictable patterns of inheritance within families. Most diseases have multifactorial inheritance patterns. As the name implies, multifactorial conditions are not caused by a single gene, but rather are a result of interplay between genetic factors and environmental factors.A typical pedigree from a family with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene. Fathers can be carriers and pass the mutation onto offspring. Not all people who inherit the mutation develop the disease, thus patterns of transmission are not always obvious.
Mitochondria are only inherited from the mother's egg, thus only females can transmit the trait to offspring, however they pass it on to all of their offspring. The primary function of mitochondria is conversion of molecule into usable energy. Thus many diseases transmitted by mitochondrial inheritance affect organs with high-energy use such as the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys.
Hemophilia- is a group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting or coagulation, which is used to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is broken.
· Hemophilia is an inherited disease. Specifically, hemophilia is caused by mutations in the F8 or F9 genes. In most cases, hemophilia is passed from a female carrier to her son; however, it is possible for boys with hemophilia to be born to mothers who are not carriers when there is a random mutation in the gene as it is passed on to the child. Although it is very rare, it is possible for a girl to be born with hemophilia.
· Hemophilia is caused by a defect in one of the genes that determines how the body makes blood clotting factors 8 and 9. These genes are located on the X chromosomes, which determine whether a baby is a boy or girl.
· Mutations in the F8 or F9 genes cause hemophilia. Mutations in the F8 gene cause hemophilia A, while hemophilia B is caused by mutations in the F9 gene.
· The proteins made by these genes play a critical role in the process of blood clotting. Mutations in either gene prevent clots from forming in response to injury, which lead to excessive bleeding that can be difficult to control.
· A man who has hemophilia cannot pass the disease on to his sons; however, all of his daughters will be carriers.
Stem cells are seen by many researchers as having virtually unlimited application in the treatment and cure of many human diseases and disorders including Alzheimer's, diabetes, cancer, strokes, etc.
Some people view the killing of any embryo in order to extract its stem cells to be a form of homicide. They are generally opposed to such research. Others disagree. They believe that an embryo has the potential to develop into a person, but is not a person itself. They note that an embryo is not sentient; it has no brain, sensory organs, ability to think, memory, awareness of its surroundings, consciousness, internal organs, arms, legs, head, etc. They feel that research using stem cells derived from embryos is ethical. Fortunately, if IPS cell technology develops as expected, it will eventually replace the need to derive stem cells from embryos.
I agree with some of the stem cell research out there, I think that if they can find a way to cure cancer and other diseases that are deadly and yet to find the cure to, would be amazing.
Mouse embryonic stem cells treated in culture with a growth factor and then injected into the liver reverse a form of hemophilia in mice analogous to hemophilia B in humans.
Genetic conditions caused by a mutation in a single gene follow predictable patterns of inheritance within families. Most diseases have multifactorial inheritance patterns. As the name implies, multifactorial conditions are not caused by a single gene, but rather are a result of interplay between genetic factors and environmental factors.A typical pedigree from a family with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene. Fathers can be carriers and pass the mutation onto offspring. Not all people who inherit the mutation develop the disease, thus patterns of transmission are not always obvious.
Mitochondria are only inherited from the mother's egg, thus only females can transmit the trait to offspring, however they pass it on to all of their offspring. The primary function of mitochondria is conversion of molecule into usable energy. Thus many diseases transmitted by mitochondrial inheritance affect organs with high-energy use such as the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys.
Hemophilia- is a group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting or coagulation, which is used to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is broken.
· Hemophilia is an inherited disease. Specifically, hemophilia is caused by mutations in the F8 or F9 genes. In most cases, hemophilia is passed from a female carrier to her son; however, it is possible for boys with hemophilia to be born to mothers who are not carriers when there is a random mutation in the gene as it is passed on to the child. Although it is very rare, it is possible for a girl to be born with hemophilia.
· Hemophilia is caused by a defect in one of the genes that determines how the body makes blood clotting factors 8 and 9. These genes are located on the X chromosomes, which determine whether a baby is a boy or girl.
· Mutations in the F8 or F9 genes cause hemophilia. Mutations in the F8 gene cause hemophilia A, while hemophilia B is caused by mutations in the F9 gene.
· The proteins made by these genes play a critical role in the process of blood clotting. Mutations in either gene prevent clots from forming in response to injury, which lead to excessive bleeding that can be difficult to control.
· A man who has hemophilia cannot pass the disease on to his sons; however, all of his daughters will be carriers.
Stem cells are seen by many researchers as having virtually unlimited application in the treatment and cure of many human diseases and disorders including Alzheimer's, diabetes, cancer, strokes, etc.
Some people view the killing of any embryo in order to extract its stem cells to be a form of homicide. They are generally opposed to such research. Others disagree. They believe that an embryo has the potential to develop into a person, but is not a person itself. They note that an embryo is not sentient; it has no brain, sensory organs, ability to think, memory, awareness of its surroundings, consciousness, internal organs, arms, legs, head, etc. They feel that research using stem cells derived from embryos is ethical. Fortunately, if IPS cell technology develops as expected, it will eventually replace the need to derive stem cells from embryos.
I agree with some of the stem cell research out there, I think that if they can find a way to cure cancer and other diseases that are deadly and yet to find the cure to, would be amazing.
Mouse embryonic stem cells treated in culture with a growth factor and then injected into the liver reverse a form of hemophilia in mice analogous to hemophilia B in humans.
Research Project: Genetic Disorder
Genetic disorders are diseases caused by abnormalities in an individual’s genetic material. The abnormality can either be one of four single-gene, multifactorial, chromosomal, and mitochondrial. Single gene is when one gene is changed, mutifactorial is when multiple genes are changed, chromosomal is when one chromosome is missing or one is added and mitochondrial caused by mutations in the nonchromosomal DNA of mitochondria.
Strong or big genetic diseases can be inherited but then some smaller ones will not be inherited by the off-spring. If it’s a single gene mutation the disease is going to be inherited by the off-spring but multifactoral is more than likely not going to be passed on. Single gene mutation can either be a recessive or it can be dominant. Recessive is when both copies of a gene must be damaged or mutated. Dominant diseases are genetic diseases that only require a single copy of the gene to be damaged. From all this you can tell that there is a lot of ways and reason why a off-spring could receive a genetic disease. There are lots of ways they can get it. One switch could change someone’s life.
One genetic disease that I found was batten disease. Batten disease is a rare genetic disorder that severely affects the nervous system. This usually begins in children, between the ages of 5 to 10. Some early signs are subtle, taking the form of personality and behavior changes, slow learning, clumsiness, or stumbling. Theses symptoms will occur due to the buildup of substances called lipopigments in the body's tissues. Lipopigments are made up of fats and proteins. Another symptom is vision loss and this is usually the first symptom that is found because it can be shown in eye test. Batten disease is a recessive mutation, meaning both the genes need to be mutated. The good thing about this is you could only have one gene mutated and you would only be a carrier but you have a one in four change of giving it to your off-spring. An interesting fact about this is you usually only life to be about late teens early twenties. There is no current treatment for it which is why people only live as long as they do. I think they should be happy that they are able to live as long as they are able to and just be grateful for the life they do get to live. Another interesting fact is this disease appears to be more common in Finland, Sweden, other parts of northern Europe, and Newfoundland, Canada.
Stem cells are cells that have the potential to develop into some or many different cell types in the body. These cells can potentially help repair systems. Other words they divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.When they do divide they can either stay a stem cell or they go change into a blood cell or muscle cell or brain cell. There are two different types: Pluripotent stem cells are any type of cell in the body except those needed to support and develop a fetus in the womb. Multipotent stem cells deal with a small number of different cell types. Stem cells are able to pretty much grow into anything they want and that is the reason that doctors want to be able to do stem cell research, they think in the long run that it is going to help the people. They want to be able to save a person that has cancer. Take the new cells that are found in the stem cell and put that into their useful DNA. Pretty much get rid of the disease without treatment or radiation. One type of stem cell research that is the most controverial is embryonic cells. Embryonic stem cell research has been getting the most money but this happens to be the one that people don’t like the most. They believe that they are killing life when they do this research and people see that as murder. Doctors argue that when you take the embryonic stem cell that there is no life and that people shouldn’t worry about that. Depending on your type of disorder stem cell research could benefit you by figuring out where the source of the problem is or it couldn’t benefit you. But like I said it just all depends on your health problem. In my opinion I don’t k now why this would be so bad, stem cell research overall. If we can use human DNA to help cure and save peoples lives isn’t that a good thing?
-Hannah Olson
Strong or big genetic diseases can be inherited but then some smaller ones will not be inherited by the off-spring. If it’s a single gene mutation the disease is going to be inherited by the off-spring but multifactoral is more than likely not going to be passed on. Single gene mutation can either be a recessive or it can be dominant. Recessive is when both copies of a gene must be damaged or mutated. Dominant diseases are genetic diseases that only require a single copy of the gene to be damaged. From all this you can tell that there is a lot of ways and reason why a off-spring could receive a genetic disease. There are lots of ways they can get it. One switch could change someone’s life.
One genetic disease that I found was batten disease. Batten disease is a rare genetic disorder that severely affects the nervous system. This usually begins in children, between the ages of 5 to 10. Some early signs are subtle, taking the form of personality and behavior changes, slow learning, clumsiness, or stumbling. Theses symptoms will occur due to the buildup of substances called lipopigments in the body's tissues. Lipopigments are made up of fats and proteins. Another symptom is vision loss and this is usually the first symptom that is found because it can be shown in eye test. Batten disease is a recessive mutation, meaning both the genes need to be mutated. The good thing about this is you could only have one gene mutated and you would only be a carrier but you have a one in four change of giving it to your off-spring. An interesting fact about this is you usually only life to be about late teens early twenties. There is no current treatment for it which is why people only live as long as they do. I think they should be happy that they are able to live as long as they are able to and just be grateful for the life they do get to live. Another interesting fact is this disease appears to be more common in Finland, Sweden, other parts of northern Europe, and Newfoundland, Canada.
Stem cells are cells that have the potential to develop into some or many different cell types in the body. These cells can potentially help repair systems. Other words they divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.When they do divide they can either stay a stem cell or they go change into a blood cell or muscle cell or brain cell. There are two different types: Pluripotent stem cells are any type of cell in the body except those needed to support and develop a fetus in the womb. Multipotent stem cells deal with a small number of different cell types. Stem cells are able to pretty much grow into anything they want and that is the reason that doctors want to be able to do stem cell research, they think in the long run that it is going to help the people. They want to be able to save a person that has cancer. Take the new cells that are found in the stem cell and put that into their useful DNA. Pretty much get rid of the disease without treatment or radiation. One type of stem cell research that is the most controverial is embryonic cells. Embryonic stem cell research has been getting the most money but this happens to be the one that people don’t like the most. They believe that they are killing life when they do this research and people see that as murder. Doctors argue that when you take the embryonic stem cell that there is no life and that people shouldn’t worry about that. Depending on your type of disorder stem cell research could benefit you by figuring out where the source of the problem is or it couldn’t benefit you. But like I said it just all depends on your health problem. In my opinion I don’t k now why this would be so bad, stem cell research overall. If we can use human DNA to help cure and save peoples lives isn’t that a good thing?
-Hannah Olson
Genetic Disorders Research
A genetic mutation is a permanent change in a DNA sequence. These mutations can be very large or very small ranging from one DNA base to a large segment of a chromosome. Genetic mutations can be inherited from a parent or can be obtained through a person’s lifetime. People have two copies of each gene (one acquired from each parent) The two copies of the gene may be exactly the same or be slightly different versions called alleles. A genetic disorder is caused from an abnormality in the chromosomes or alleles.
Angelman Syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that mostly affects the nervous system. It is estimated to affect 1 in12,000 to 20,000 people. It results from a loss of the function of the gene UBE3A. People normally inherit one copy of this gene from each parent. Both copies are turned on in body tissues. However, in certain parts of the brain, the only copy inherited is from the mother. This mutation is caused by genomic imprinting. If the UBE3A gene is lost, they will have no active copies in some parts of the brain. Most cases of Angelman Syndrome occur when a segment of the maternal chromosome 15 containing this gene is deleted. The causes of Angelman syndrome are unknown in 10 to 15 percent of affected individuals. Some characteristics include developmental delay, intellectual disability, speech impairments, and difficulties in movement and balance. Most children with Angelman Syndrome suffer from epilepsy and display abnormal qualities in young ages. They typically display frequent smiling, laughter, and hand-flapping movements. Hyperactivity and a short attention span are common. Other physical characteristics include pale skin and light colored hair. As people with Angelman syndrome age, the disorder becomes less excitable. However, affected people tend to still have intellectual disabilities, speech impediments, and seizures.
Stem cell research takes primitive human cells and develops them into most any of the 220 varieties of cells in the human body. Stem cell research is used due to the hope that it can uncover treatments and possibly cures for some of the worst diseases in the world. However, it includes fears of human cloning and has concerns over the ethics of destroying human embryos. For this reason, SCR is very controversial due to the destruction of fertilized human eggs when harvesting embryonic stem cells, therefore killing the human child. Currently, however, scientists and researchers are only using embryos that are unwanted and would not be given an opportunity to develop. I feel that SCR is acceptable as long as the embryos were not wanted. I don’t think SCR should be conducted on embryos that do have a chance of developing into humans. Stem cell research is not in great use for developing a cure for Angelman syndrome as much as it is in the affects of Angelman syndrome such as scoliosis.
Angelman Syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that mostly affects the nervous system. It is estimated to affect 1 in12,000 to 20,000 people. It results from a loss of the function of the gene UBE3A. People normally inherit one copy of this gene from each parent. Both copies are turned on in body tissues. However, in certain parts of the brain, the only copy inherited is from the mother. This mutation is caused by genomic imprinting. If the UBE3A gene is lost, they will have no active copies in some parts of the brain. Most cases of Angelman Syndrome occur when a segment of the maternal chromosome 15 containing this gene is deleted. The causes of Angelman syndrome are unknown in 10 to 15 percent of affected individuals. Some characteristics include developmental delay, intellectual disability, speech impairments, and difficulties in movement and balance. Most children with Angelman Syndrome suffer from epilepsy and display abnormal qualities in young ages. They typically display frequent smiling, laughter, and hand-flapping movements. Hyperactivity and a short attention span are common. Other physical characteristics include pale skin and light colored hair. As people with Angelman syndrome age, the disorder becomes less excitable. However, affected people tend to still have intellectual disabilities, speech impediments, and seizures.
Stem cell research takes primitive human cells and develops them into most any of the 220 varieties of cells in the human body. Stem cell research is used due to the hope that it can uncover treatments and possibly cures for some of the worst diseases in the world. However, it includes fears of human cloning and has concerns over the ethics of destroying human embryos. For this reason, SCR is very controversial due to the destruction of fertilized human eggs when harvesting embryonic stem cells, therefore killing the human child. Currently, however, scientists and researchers are only using embryos that are unwanted and would not be given an opportunity to develop. I feel that SCR is acceptable as long as the embryos were not wanted. I don’t think SCR should be conducted on embryos that do have a chance of developing into humans. Stem cell research is not in great use for developing a cure for Angelman syndrome as much as it is in the affects of Angelman syndrome such as scoliosis.
Genetic Disorders
A genetic mutation is any change in an individual’s genetic structure. These changes are caused by the nucleotide structures of genetic material in an organism being transformed into something different than what it should be. Ways the genetic structure can be changed are by deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion and translocation. These mutations can be harmful, nonlethal or neutral to an individual. When the mutations change the genetic sequence, the genes of the individual are changed, affecting some quality of such individual.
Inheritance patterns trace the transmission of genetically encoded traits, conditions or diseases to offspring. The ways that mutation can be inherited are by a single gene or Mendelian transfer, multifactorial inheritance, and mitochondrial inheritance. Single Gene mutations follow predictable patterns within families. The inheritance patterns of single gene mutations are either autosomal or x-linked, but those can either be dominant or recessive. Multifactorial inheritance patterns are caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors put together. Diseases of multifactorial inheritance aren’t genetically determined, but a genetic mutation can predispose an individual to a certain disease. Other genetic and environmental factors contribute to whether or not the disease develops. Mitochondrial inheritance comes from the mitochondria. Mitochondria are only inherited from the mother's egg, thus only females can transmit the trait to offspring, however, they pass it on to all of their offspring. The primary function of mitochondria is conversion of molecule into usable energy. Thus many diseases transmitted by mitochondrial inheritance affect organs with high-energy use such as the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys.
Di George’s Syndrome is caused by the deletion of a small piece of chromosome 22. The deletion occurs near the middle of the chromosome on the long arm of one of the pair of chromosomes 22. Very rarely, patients also have deletions on the small arm of chromosome 10. About 1 in 4000 people is diagnosed with this disorder. When someone has this disorder, they are missing about 3 million base pairs of DNA. As of right now, there is no treatment for Di George’s syndrome, but some of the individual symptoms can be treated. Symptoms of these individuals include but are not limited to are, congenital heart disease (40% of individuals), palatal abnormalities (50%), learning difficulties (90%), hypocalcemia (50%), renal abnormalities (37%), hearing loss, growth hormone deficiency, autoimmune disorders, seizures and skeletal abnormalities.
Stem cell research uses the live stem cells of an individual to use in the treatment of many disorders and diseases. Stem cells can develop into many different cell types during the growth of the body. These tissues act as an internal repair system for the body replenishing other cells throughout the body. The types of cells used are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, mouse stem cells are also used sometimes. It’s so controversial because people find it inhumane to take stem cells from other beings to try and cure someone else. I think stem cell research is a good thing just in that it could potentially cure so many disorders and diseases. The possibilities are endless with this kind of research. The downfall however, is that you are taking stem cells from something alive like mice or an embryo which kills them. That’s the big problem with this research. I think stem cell research might be able to treat different symptoms of Di George’s syndrome, but not the missing piece of chromosome itself. Stem cell research cannot create a chromosome or gene which is how Di George’s would have to be cured.
Inheritance patterns trace the transmission of genetically encoded traits, conditions or diseases to offspring. The ways that mutation can be inherited are by a single gene or Mendelian transfer, multifactorial inheritance, and mitochondrial inheritance. Single Gene mutations follow predictable patterns within families. The inheritance patterns of single gene mutations are either autosomal or x-linked, but those can either be dominant or recessive. Multifactorial inheritance patterns are caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors put together. Diseases of multifactorial inheritance aren’t genetically determined, but a genetic mutation can predispose an individual to a certain disease. Other genetic and environmental factors contribute to whether or not the disease develops. Mitochondrial inheritance comes from the mitochondria. Mitochondria are only inherited from the mother's egg, thus only females can transmit the trait to offspring, however, they pass it on to all of their offspring. The primary function of mitochondria is conversion of molecule into usable energy. Thus many diseases transmitted by mitochondrial inheritance affect organs with high-energy use such as the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys.
Di George’s Syndrome is caused by the deletion of a small piece of chromosome 22. The deletion occurs near the middle of the chromosome on the long arm of one of the pair of chromosomes 22. Very rarely, patients also have deletions on the small arm of chromosome 10. About 1 in 4000 people is diagnosed with this disorder. When someone has this disorder, they are missing about 3 million base pairs of DNA. As of right now, there is no treatment for Di George’s syndrome, but some of the individual symptoms can be treated. Symptoms of these individuals include but are not limited to are, congenital heart disease (40% of individuals), palatal abnormalities (50%), learning difficulties (90%), hypocalcemia (50%), renal abnormalities (37%), hearing loss, growth hormone deficiency, autoimmune disorders, seizures and skeletal abnormalities.
Stem cell research uses the live stem cells of an individual to use in the treatment of many disorders and diseases. Stem cells can develop into many different cell types during the growth of the body. These tissues act as an internal repair system for the body replenishing other cells throughout the body. The types of cells used are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, mouse stem cells are also used sometimes. It’s so controversial because people find it inhumane to take stem cells from other beings to try and cure someone else. I think stem cell research is a good thing just in that it could potentially cure so many disorders and diseases. The possibilities are endless with this kind of research. The downfall however, is that you are taking stem cells from something alive like mice or an embryo which kills them. That’s the big problem with this research. I think stem cell research might be able to treat different symptoms of Di George’s syndrome, but not the missing piece of chromosome itself. Stem cell research cannot create a chromosome or gene which is how Di George’s would have to be cured.
Mutations Research Project
Mutations are changes in a nucleotide sequence which alter the structure of the DNA—this is either by insertion, deletion, or substitution. These errors are caused during the copying in replication. The effect they have on the organism can sometimes be positive, such as for promoting genetic diversity, but it also causes inherent diseases. These lethal mutations occur when there are specific errors in the protein sequence which create a partially or completely non-functional protein that plays a critical role in the body, and this is when medical conditions arise. A mutation present in a germ cell (gamete) will lead to hereditary diseases, and in this case it is possible that there is no seen family history of it. If the mutation occurs in a somatic cell, it will pass on to descendants of the organism. If the mutation allows the cell to become malignant, in can cause cancer.
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the secretory glands (ones that produce mucus and sweat). It is an autosomal recessive disorder, and because of that, two copies of the gene must be present in order for a person to be affected by it. If two parents who carry one mutation of the disorder have a child, it has a 25% chance of being affected by the disorder. The disease’s etiology is the affection of a certain gene, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), by a mutation. That gene normal produces a chlorine ion channel which helps to create the “juices” that are inhibited/overstimulated by this disorder. Men can become infertile because of the inability to develop vas deferens before birth. Effects of the disease are a buildup of mucus in the alveoli—instead of creating a normal resin to keep the alveoli in the healthy condition, a mutation on the cilial epithilial cells of the infected patient will cause the body to produce a thicker resin. This inhibits the oxygen extraction, which leads to breathlessness. A high level of exercise is necessary for adequate breathing. Other symptoms are salty-tasting skin, poor growth and/or weight gain. Because of the settled mucus, patients are susceptible to many chest infections due to the bacteria that thrives in it. It is typically seen as a rare disease, but has been shown to be the most widespread of life-shortening diseases, occurring in 1 in 22 people of Mediterranean descent.
Lung transplantation is often necessary because of the weakening of the lungs and lowered tolerance to exercise. While normally a single lung transplant would be sufficient, people with CF cannot allow this because the remaining lung may have bacteria that could infect the new lung, thereby defeating the purpose. Another avenue that has been pursued is gene therapy, which places a copy of the CFTR gene into the affected cells. However, this method is seen (for the time being) as relatively ineffective because of the inflammation response and rejection during cDNA recombination.
Stem cells are beneficial because they have the ability to regenerate (through mitotic cell division) and also differentiate into many specialized cell types. Adult cells can be taken from umbilical cord blood and bone marrow. Some people become confused when ill informed on the issue, and this is where personal issues with its very existence come into play. As long as SCR does not harm anyone involved, I believe that it is a positive process. By utilizing something that would otherwise have been wasted, people are being given a better chance to live. If it is available, it is inconceivable why one should be denied of the basic right of life. However, the controversy does not encompass the entire field, but only the harvesting of human embryos. The use of adult stem cells, which are used without destroying anything, is actually common. The debate comes about when people say that the use of an embryo is a destruction of a life that should be protected. Opponents also say that reproductive cloning can devalue human life. Supporters of the research say that it should be encouraged because it could lead to unseen medical advances. All of these factors should be weighed in order to determine which sacrifices are necessary for the greater good.
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the secretory glands (ones that produce mucus and sweat). It is an autosomal recessive disorder, and because of that, two copies of the gene must be present in order for a person to be affected by it. If two parents who carry one mutation of the disorder have a child, it has a 25% chance of being affected by the disorder. The disease’s etiology is the affection of a certain gene, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), by a mutation. That gene normal produces a chlorine ion channel which helps to create the “juices” that are inhibited/overstimulated by this disorder. Men can become infertile because of the inability to develop vas deferens before birth. Effects of the disease are a buildup of mucus in the alveoli—instead of creating a normal resin to keep the alveoli in the healthy condition, a mutation on the cilial epithilial cells of the infected patient will cause the body to produce a thicker resin. This inhibits the oxygen extraction, which leads to breathlessness. A high level of exercise is necessary for adequate breathing. Other symptoms are salty-tasting skin, poor growth and/or weight gain. Because of the settled mucus, patients are susceptible to many chest infections due to the bacteria that thrives in it. It is typically seen as a rare disease, but has been shown to be the most widespread of life-shortening diseases, occurring in 1 in 22 people of Mediterranean descent.
Lung transplantation is often necessary because of the weakening of the lungs and lowered tolerance to exercise. While normally a single lung transplant would be sufficient, people with CF cannot allow this because the remaining lung may have bacteria that could infect the new lung, thereby defeating the purpose. Another avenue that has been pursued is gene therapy, which places a copy of the CFTR gene into the affected cells. However, this method is seen (for the time being) as relatively ineffective because of the inflammation response and rejection during cDNA recombination.
Stem cells are beneficial because they have the ability to regenerate (through mitotic cell division) and also differentiate into many specialized cell types. Adult cells can be taken from umbilical cord blood and bone marrow. Some people become confused when ill informed on the issue, and this is where personal issues with its very existence come into play. As long as SCR does not harm anyone involved, I believe that it is a positive process. By utilizing something that would otherwise have been wasted, people are being given a better chance to live. If it is available, it is inconceivable why one should be denied of the basic right of life. However, the controversy does not encompass the entire field, but only the harvesting of human embryos. The use of adult stem cells, which are used without destroying anything, is actually common. The debate comes about when people say that the use of an embryo is a destruction of a life that should be protected. Opponents also say that reproductive cloning can devalue human life. Supporters of the research say that it should be encouraged because it could lead to unseen medical advances. All of these factors should be weighed in order to determine which sacrifices are necessary for the greater good.
Sickle Cell Research Project
Mutations in DNA and RNA can cause genetic disorders because they are the scripts to make proteins and they tell what they do and go to. If a mutation makes a protein that is supposed to go to the liver and it goes to the brain for instance it could mess things up in there. For a Mutation to carry on it usually has to be a dominant gene, or it will just die out in that particular organism. Sickle cell anemia is a disease that causes hemoglobin s (abnormal hemoglobin molecules) and that makes the red blood cells stiffen and assume a sickle shape. The shape of the blood cells causes them to pile up and cause blockages that damage vital tissue. It is anemia because these blood cells are destroyed rapidly in patients. A baby born with sickle cell disease inherits a gene for the disorder from both parents. When both parents have the genetic defect, there is a 25 % chance that each child will be born the disease. With new drugs and research patients are able to live past childhood and live past fifty. The only cure to this is a bone marrow transplant where a close genetic match, usually a sibling, gives bone marrow to correct the blood making. Genetic Therapy claims to be able to correct the defective gene and plant it into the bone marrow.
Stem cell research is where an embryos or adult tissue are used to study genetics and to find cures to diseases. It is controversial because people think that the embryos are human life and that they could be used for cloning. I full agree that stem cell research should be legal because the embryos used for it are most of the time thrown out or re frozen never to be used again. There are diseases that have to be cured and this is the most promising way to do it not through religion or conservative thinking. I do not like the idea of human cloning it is not right and should only be used if our race is about to become extinct (race means humans not black white or w/e). Sickle cell anemia could be cured if a way to reverse and correct the genetic mutation is found.
Stem cell research is where an embryos or adult tissue are used to study genetics and to find cures to diseases. It is controversial because people think that the embryos are human life and that they could be used for cloning. I full agree that stem cell research should be legal because the embryos used for it are most of the time thrown out or re frozen never to be used again. There are diseases that have to be cured and this is the most promising way to do it not through religion or conservative thinking. I do not like the idea of human cloning it is not right and should only be used if our race is about to become extinct (race means humans not black white or w/e). Sickle cell anemia could be cured if a way to reverse and correct the genetic mutation is found.
Genetic Disorder
A genetic disorder is an illness caused by deformities in chromosomes or genes. There are single gene defects, which are caused by a single gene mutation, and multifactorial diseases, which is multiple gene mutations and often associated with an outside environmental factor. Over 4000 genetic disorders are caused by a single gene mutation. Genomic imprinting, uniparental disomy, division of recessive and dominant genes, and division of autosomal and X-linked types are all related to single genetic mutations. Genetic disorders are often called syndromes. Genotypes are written in lower case or upper case A (aa, AA, or Aa).
Cri du chat syndrome is a rare disorder. It is caused due to a partial deletion of the short arm chromosome number 5. 90% of the cases are from sporadic deletion where the other 10% is from unequal segregation. It affects every 1 in 20,000 to 50,000 births with a female to male ratio of 4:3. In French, Cri du chat means call of the cat. It got this name because infants affected with this disease will have a characteristic cry similar to a cat’s meow. Other symptoms are feeding problems, poor growth, severe cognitive speech and motor delays, behavioral problems, unusual facial features, excessive dribbling, and constipation. This is mainly most visible in toddlers.
Stem cell research is way of treating disease. It is the process of gathering cells from old embryos, which can virtually become any type of human cell. Some people think that the life is begun as soon as the egg is fertilized and consider the embryo a living being. Stem cell research is essentially destroying that embryo to form new cells. Therefore, some people find stem cell to be morally repulsive. I think it should be legal because I do not think of the embryo as a human life. I think it would be really helpful to those diagnosed with syndromes and it could be used to treat those people. I am unsure of the impact stem cell research could affect Cri du chat syndrome, but it could be helpful to many other syndromes.
Cri du chat syndrome is a rare disorder. It is caused due to a partial deletion of the short arm chromosome number 5. 90% of the cases are from sporadic deletion where the other 10% is from unequal segregation. It affects every 1 in 20,000 to 50,000 births with a female to male ratio of 4:3. In French, Cri du chat means call of the cat. It got this name because infants affected with this disease will have a characteristic cry similar to a cat’s meow. Other symptoms are feeding problems, poor growth, severe cognitive speech and motor delays, behavioral problems, unusual facial features, excessive dribbling, and constipation. This is mainly most visible in toddlers.
Stem cell research is way of treating disease. It is the process of gathering cells from old embryos, which can virtually become any type of human cell. Some people think that the life is begun as soon as the egg is fertilized and consider the embryo a living being. Stem cell research is essentially destroying that embryo to form new cells. Therefore, some people find stem cell to be morally repulsive. I think it should be legal because I do not think of the embryo as a human life. I think it would be really helpful to those diagnosed with syndromes and it could be used to treat those people. I am unsure of the impact stem cell research could affect Cri du chat syndrome, but it could be helpful to many other syndromes.
Hemophilia
A genetic disorder is an illness caused by mutations in genes or chromosomes by deletion and insertion. Abnormalities can range from a small mutation in a single gene to the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. A mutated gene is passed down through a family and each generation can inherit the gene that causes the disease.
Single gene disorders can be passed on through the generations in many ways and is affected by genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy.
Hemophilia-is group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting or coagulation.
There is no cure for hemophilia, but it can be controlled with regular infusions of the deficient clotting factor
Deep internal bleeding, Joint damage, transfusion, adverse reactions, intracranial hemorrage
Stem cell research- stem cells are able to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
It is controversial because the research involving the creation, usage and destruction of human embryos in a really big issue right now.
I think it should be legal if it saves a lot of people lifes and cures all of the diseases in the world.
Stem cells really could potentially fix hemophilia but only if they could make chromosomes.
A genetic disorder is an illness caused by mutations in genes or chromosomes by deletion and insertion. Abnormalities can range from a small mutation in a single gene to the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. A mutated gene is passed down through a family and each generation can inherit the gene that causes the disease.
Single gene disorders can be passed on through the generations in many ways and is affected by genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy.
Hemophilia-is group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting or coagulation.
There is no cure for hemophilia, but it can be controlled with regular infusions of the deficient clotting factor
Deep internal bleeding, Joint damage, transfusion, adverse reactions, intracranial hemorrage
Stem cell research- stem cells are able to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
It is controversial because the research involving the creation, usage and destruction of human embryos in a really big issue right now.
I think it should be legal if it saves a lot of people lifes and cures all of the diseases in the world.
Stem cells really could potentially fix hemophilia but only if they could make chromosomes.
Research Project Questions
-Explain how mutations can cause genetic disorders.
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual’s DNA. These abnormalities can range from a small mutation in a single gene to the addition of an entire chromosome or even a set of chromosomes, causing a large mutation. Single gene disorders result when a mutation causes the protein product of a single gene to be altered or missing. Chromosome abnormalities are where entire chromosomes are missing, duplicated or altered in some other way. Certain genetic disorders are caused by specific mutations of certain parts of the DNA. Genetic disorders are classified by the type of mutation (point mutation, deletion, whole chromosome missing extra or both, or an extended gene). Each chromosome has different mutations that will occur if that chromosome is mutated by any one of those types. There are hundreds of genetic disorders and are all caused by different mutations.
-Describe inheritance patterns.
Inheritance patterns trace the transmission of genetically encoded traits, conditions, or diseases to offspring. The different types of inheritance are single gene, multifactorial, and mitochondrial. Single gene inheritance is when a mutation caused in a single gene follow predictable patterns of inheritance among families. Multifactorial inheritance are mutations caused by genetic factors along with environmental factors. These diseases are not genetically determined, but are based on the genetic and environmental factors and becomes much more difficult to trace. Mitochondria is only transmitted through the mother’s egg, so only females can transmit the mutation, but it will be passed on to all the children, male and female.
-Choose a particular genetic disorder.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder where a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the normal amount, 46. This extra chromosome comes from a copy of the 21st chromosome. Down syndrome symptoms can range from mild to severe. Some of these symptoms are flattened nose, small ears, small mouth, upward slanting eyes, impulsive behavior, slow learning, short attention span and poor judgment. Along with having Down syndrome, many different medical disorders come along with the disorder. There is no treatment for Down syndrome, but certain defects may require surgery. There are many organizations and groups who are highly involved in the research of Down syndrome and have “made it their priority to understand cognition in people with Down syndrome”. (Stanford School of Medicine Research Center).
-Stem Cell Research
While researching Stem Cell Research, I came across many different websites each with extreme opinions on the topic. For example, one website I found was called Do No Harm: The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics. I know that stem cell research is a high debated topic, but in my opinion, I think it’s important to keep an open mind about it. Personally, I want to keep an open mind, because if there is a way to find cures to currently “un-curable” diseases, I think it’s important to do so. “A stem cell is a generic cell that can make exact copies of itself indefinitely. This cell has the ability to produce specialized cells for various tissues in the body—such as heart, brain tissue, liver tissue and muscle. Scientists are able to maintain stem cells forever, developing them into specialized cells as needed” (healthscout.com). Stem cell’s have many uses, but one major use for this research would be that stem cells are able to produce tissue, this tissue could be used to treat diseases where a patient’s cells or tissue are destroyed completely. Many diseases that have no “adequate therapy” would benefit I incredibly from stem cell research, diseases such as: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes, spinal cord injury, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, cancer, and burns. Stem cells are human embryo’s, which is why SCR is such a debated and controversial topic. These human embryo’s are created, used and often destroyed, which makes the debate an ethical one. One must consider both sides of this argument. One side would say that SCR is unethical because it requires the destruction of a human embryo. The other side would say that SCR is good because it offers something in the development of treatment for a wide range of diseases, such as physical trauma and genetic disorders, previously with no cure. I think personally I need to keep an open mind of SCR. Though I do have strong ethics, this research could end up saving millions of lives and curing hundreds of diseases. This relates back to my disease of Down syndrome because SCR could eventually come up with a cure for Down syndrome, which is currently un-curable.
~Maddy Kenny
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual’s DNA. These abnormalities can range from a small mutation in a single gene to the addition of an entire chromosome or even a set of chromosomes, causing a large mutation. Single gene disorders result when a mutation causes the protein product of a single gene to be altered or missing. Chromosome abnormalities are where entire chromosomes are missing, duplicated or altered in some other way. Certain genetic disorders are caused by specific mutations of certain parts of the DNA. Genetic disorders are classified by the type of mutation (point mutation, deletion, whole chromosome missing extra or both, or an extended gene). Each chromosome has different mutations that will occur if that chromosome is mutated by any one of those types. There are hundreds of genetic disorders and are all caused by different mutations.
-Describe inheritance patterns.
Inheritance patterns trace the transmission of genetically encoded traits, conditions, or diseases to offspring. The different types of inheritance are single gene, multifactorial, and mitochondrial. Single gene inheritance is when a mutation caused in a single gene follow predictable patterns of inheritance among families. Multifactorial inheritance are mutations caused by genetic factors along with environmental factors. These diseases are not genetically determined, but are based on the genetic and environmental factors and becomes much more difficult to trace. Mitochondria is only transmitted through the mother’s egg, so only females can transmit the mutation, but it will be passed on to all the children, male and female.
-Choose a particular genetic disorder.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder where a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the normal amount, 46. This extra chromosome comes from a copy of the 21st chromosome. Down syndrome symptoms can range from mild to severe. Some of these symptoms are flattened nose, small ears, small mouth, upward slanting eyes, impulsive behavior, slow learning, short attention span and poor judgment. Along with having Down syndrome, many different medical disorders come along with the disorder. There is no treatment for Down syndrome, but certain defects may require surgery. There are many organizations and groups who are highly involved in the research of Down syndrome and have “made it their priority to understand cognition in people with Down syndrome”. (Stanford School of Medicine Research Center).
-Stem Cell Research
While researching Stem Cell Research, I came across many different websites each with extreme opinions on the topic. For example, one website I found was called Do No Harm: The Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics. I know that stem cell research is a high debated topic, but in my opinion, I think it’s important to keep an open mind about it. Personally, I want to keep an open mind, because if there is a way to find cures to currently “un-curable” diseases, I think it’s important to do so. “A stem cell is a generic cell that can make exact copies of itself indefinitely. This cell has the ability to produce specialized cells for various tissues in the body—such as heart, brain tissue, liver tissue and muscle. Scientists are able to maintain stem cells forever, developing them into specialized cells as needed” (healthscout.com). Stem cell’s have many uses, but one major use for this research would be that stem cells are able to produce tissue, this tissue could be used to treat diseases where a patient’s cells or tissue are destroyed completely. Many diseases that have no “adequate therapy” would benefit I incredibly from stem cell research, diseases such as: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, diabetes, spinal cord injury, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, cancer, and burns. Stem cells are human embryo’s, which is why SCR is such a debated and controversial topic. These human embryo’s are created, used and often destroyed, which makes the debate an ethical one. One must consider both sides of this argument. One side would say that SCR is unethical because it requires the destruction of a human embryo. The other side would say that SCR is good because it offers something in the development of treatment for a wide range of diseases, such as physical trauma and genetic disorders, previously with no cure. I think personally I need to keep an open mind of SCR. Though I do have strong ethics, this research could end up saving millions of lives and curing hundreds of diseases. This relates back to my disease of Down syndrome because SCR could eventually come up with a cure for Down syndrome, which is currently un-curable.
~Maddy Kenny
Genetic Disorder Research
- Mutations can lead to a genetic disorder because the gene that is passed on to the offspring or because of a gene that mutates over time. The only time that a disorder would arise is if the compatible DNA strand for the mutated strand line up.
- Inheritance patterns follow the passage of genetic information.
Down Syndrome:
1. This genetic disorder is caused by a person having one extra chromosome then the usual amount. This is a trait passed to the offspring by the parents.
2. In this past year researchers are saying that the cure for Down syndrome is ‘within reach.’ Researchers say that the cure will not be found anytime this year, and possibly not the next year, but it is getting closer.
3. The physical development of a person with Down syndrome is usually slower then ‘normal.’ Most people who have Down syndrome never reach their adult height. People might also have delayed mental development. When a person with Down syndrome is older they become more aware of their illness and ‘limitations’ which lead to frustration and anger.
4. Down syndrome is the most common cause of birth defects. Also the risk for an offspring to have Down syndrome is a dramatic increase when the female reaches the age of 35 or older.
Stem Cell Research:
a. It’s research on a human embryo cells that can divide to replenish other cells without a limit.
b. It’s controversial because this research can help find cures and treatments for disorders.
Although some people believe that it’s the same as taking a human life.
c. I believe is should be illegal if it is taking a human life. If there were another way to do this research and testing, that would be a much better choice. It’s great that it may be able to help find cures for disorders, but it’s not okay to take another life to do so. Especially one that hasn’t had a chance in the world yet.
d. There isn’t any stem cell research on Down syndrome that I could find. If they were to find a cure many people would not have to go through the difficulties in life and the frustration of having Down syndrome.
- Inheritance patterns follow the passage of genetic information.
Down Syndrome:
1. This genetic disorder is caused by a person having one extra chromosome then the usual amount. This is a trait passed to the offspring by the parents.
2. In this past year researchers are saying that the cure for Down syndrome is ‘within reach.’ Researchers say that the cure will not be found anytime this year, and possibly not the next year, but it is getting closer.
3. The physical development of a person with Down syndrome is usually slower then ‘normal.’ Most people who have Down syndrome never reach their adult height. People might also have delayed mental development. When a person with Down syndrome is older they become more aware of their illness and ‘limitations’ which lead to frustration and anger.
4. Down syndrome is the most common cause of birth defects. Also the risk for an offspring to have Down syndrome is a dramatic increase when the female reaches the age of 35 or older.
Stem Cell Research:
a. It’s research on a human embryo cells that can divide to replenish other cells without a limit.
b. It’s controversial because this research can help find cures and treatments for disorders.
Although some people believe that it’s the same as taking a human life.
c. I believe is should be illegal if it is taking a human life. If there were another way to do this research and testing, that would be a much better choice. It’s great that it may be able to help find cures for disorders, but it’s not okay to take another life to do so. Especially one that hasn’t had a chance in the world yet.
d. There isn’t any stem cell research on Down syndrome that I could find. If they were to find a cure many people would not have to go through the difficulties in life and the frustration of having Down syndrome.
Monday, October 12, 2009
Replication
Explain the process of replication. Also, make sure to describe the structure of DNA and how it plays a role in the process of replication.
Thursday, October 8, 2009
Genetics
What articles did you find that were interesting and how can you see them impacting you in the future?
Monday, September 28, 2009
Comparison Blog
Create a response that compares and contrasts the processes of cellular respiration to photosynthesis. This post should be well thought out and should be roughly 4-5 good paragraphs.
Tuesday, September 22, 2009
Chapter 6 discussion questions
You may post the answers to the 7 discussion questions as a reply to this post.
Monday, September 21, 2009
ghetto cell
In the inner city of Euka lies a treacherous ghetto. Robert Downy Jr. plays RJ and will be trying to collect information from the ghetto. He was chosen for this part due to his amazing performance as a black man in the hit movie Tropic Thunder. He is dropped off in the inner city and will have to engage and befriend a gang. It was a tricky process trying to get into the ghetto due to the road blocks that cops have posted at to get into the ghetto. But eventually they let him in through a thorough search. He travels along the structure of the ghetto on all the roads. There are many territories that certain gangs occupy and control. Each territory/gang has a gang leader that leads the gang and makes all the decisions. RJ’s goal was to get to meet the leader and be trusted amongst the gang. The gang that RJ must contact is called the Chromosomes.
He is dropped of at the nearest KFC. He started eating, but was soon interrupted by a group of people. He felt like this would be a great opportunity to get into the gang. They masked him and threw him in a van and was transported to the gang leader to be interrogated. He had to answer each question as if his life depended on it. During the interrogation, a deafening blast went off across the street. The 7/11 was up in flames. The gang’s source of beverages and food was destroyed. Fortunately for them, the culprits of the bombing were caught and sent to jail. There was a barricade set up around the entire city so RJ decided to camp out at sugar mama’s house. It was hard to move around the city not just from the cops patrolling, but also there was a lot of construction going on. Finally the heat cooled down and RJ was able to move safely outside the house. Right when he steps out into the day air, RJ gets shot from the massive gang war going on.
He is dropped of at the nearest KFC. He started eating, but was soon interrupted by a group of people. He felt like this would be a great opportunity to get into the gang. They masked him and threw him in a van and was transported to the gang leader to be interrogated. He had to answer each question as if his life depended on it. During the interrogation, a deafening blast went off across the street. The 7/11 was up in flames. The gang’s source of beverages and food was destroyed. Fortunately for them, the culprits of the bombing were caught and sent to jail. There was a barricade set up around the entire city so RJ decided to camp out at sugar mama’s house. It was hard to move around the city not just from the cops patrolling, but also there was a lot of construction going on. Finally the heat cooled down and RJ was able to move safely outside the house. Right when he steps out into the day air, RJ gets shot from the massive gang war going on.
Friday, September 18, 2009
Jon, Maddy, and Haley Cell Story
Nucleus- Gotham City Hall
Golgi Complex- Wayne Enterprises.
Centrioles-Subway Station.
Microtubules and microfilaments- Subway lines
Endoplasmic Reticulum- Gotham City General Hospital
Mitochondrion-County Jail
Peroxisomes- Warehouse basement
Vacuoles- Bat Cave
Lysosomes- Lucius Fox’s Lair
Cell wall-Gotham City limits
Plasma membrane- the bridges
Ribosomes-Police Station
Plastids-Alfred
It was a peaceful night in the Gotham City. A slight breeze came across the land, and the odor of the Joker was in the air. The citizens of Gotham knew whom they must call on, the noble vigilante, THE BATMAN! Gotham City is home to the greatest hero of all time. With his hand-in-hand cooperation with Gotham City Hall (the central information database of Gotham City), Batman is able to hunt down the joker, as he travels throughout the city. Very uncharacteristically of the Joker, he hopped on the subway as he tries to escape the Batman’s wrath. The subway lines go to the city limits where they stop when they reach the bridges. The city limits surrounds Gotham in order to protect it from invaders, while the bridges control who comes in and out of the city. In the meantime, Batman is back at the bat cave, where Alfred is feeding him a healthy protein shake and Lucius is stocking him up with all the greatest necessities. He then heads over to Wayne Enterprises where he picks up his new supplies. He locates the Joker in the warehouse basement where the mob is working with him to organize CRIME in the city. Batman, rushes in, the Joker offers a magic trick, and he seizes him using his bat sonar. The Batman then takes the Joker to the county jail to “make good” and continues on to the police station to talk to Lt. Gordon. Lt. Gordon notifies Batman of some small dog wounds on his right arm. In a fast attempt to repair himself, Bruce Wayne goes to Gotham City General Hospital and a nurse fixes him up. Just as he is leaving, the hospital blows up!!!!!! The Joker has struck again…DUN DUN DUN.
Golgi Complex- Wayne Enterprises.
Centrioles-Subway Station.
Microtubules and microfilaments- Subway lines
Endoplasmic Reticulum- Gotham City General Hospital
Mitochondrion-County Jail
Peroxisomes- Warehouse basement
Vacuoles- Bat Cave
Lysosomes- Lucius Fox’s Lair
Cell wall-Gotham City limits
Plasma membrane- the bridges
Ribosomes-Police Station
Plastids-Alfred
It was a peaceful night in the Gotham City. A slight breeze came across the land, and the odor of the Joker was in the air. The citizens of Gotham knew whom they must call on, the noble vigilante, THE BATMAN! Gotham City is home to the greatest hero of all time. With his hand-in-hand cooperation with Gotham City Hall (the central information database of Gotham City), Batman is able to hunt down the joker, as he travels throughout the city. Very uncharacteristically of the Joker, he hopped on the subway as he tries to escape the Batman’s wrath. The subway lines go to the city limits where they stop when they reach the bridges. The city limits surrounds Gotham in order to protect it from invaders, while the bridges control who comes in and out of the city. In the meantime, Batman is back at the bat cave, where Alfred is feeding him a healthy protein shake and Lucius is stocking him up with all the greatest necessities. He then heads over to Wayne Enterprises where he picks up his new supplies. He locates the Joker in the warehouse basement where the mob is working with him to organize CRIME in the city. Batman, rushes in, the Joker offers a magic trick, and he seizes him using his bat sonar. The Batman then takes the Joker to the county jail to “make good” and continues on to the police station to talk to Lt. Gordon. Lt. Gordon notifies Batman of some small dog wounds on his right arm. In a fast attempt to repair himself, Bruce Wayne goes to Gotham City General Hospital and a nurse fixes him up. Just as he is leaving, the hospital blows up!!!!!! The Joker has struck again…DUN DUN DUN.
Graduation Time in Cell City
Graduation in Cell City
This is the story of graduation time in Cell City. As students at Cell City School (ribosomes) reach graduation (endoplasmic reticulum) time, they begin to realize that they must now find a career or job that they will hold for the rest of their life. Although their time under Principal Lipid (nucleoli) was fun, it is now time to move out into the world. They are the future generation of the city, making up an entire population (microfilaments) of their own. Some of the students will become the security guards around the town (cell wall), while others will become security within the city, or police officers (plasma membrane). Both of these occupations would deal with working with a jail (nuclear envelope). Another job may be working at the town hall (nucleus), or maybe at the library (chromosomes). Some may go on to be construction workers (intermediate filaments) that build the houses (microtubules) of the city which make up the neighborhoods (centrioles) which then ultimately lead to the city’s skyline (cytoskeleton). Other jobs available include working at the city power plant (mitochondria), working at the grocery store (vacuoles), working at McDonald’s (plastids), working at the local Kikkoman factory (golgi complex), and last but not least, working at the town dump (lysosomes). All of the graduates are excited to move out into the world. Some will remain in the city, while others may leave, but one things for sure – no one will ever forget the beautiful landscape of the trees (peroxisomes) and lakes (cilia, flagella) that made up their home town. Thank goodness they grew up in Cell City. Goodbye Cell City School, hello world!
This is the story of graduation time in Cell City. As students at Cell City School (ribosomes) reach graduation (endoplasmic reticulum) time, they begin to realize that they must now find a career or job that they will hold for the rest of their life. Although their time under Principal Lipid (nucleoli) was fun, it is now time to move out into the world. They are the future generation of the city, making up an entire population (microfilaments) of their own. Some of the students will become the security guards around the town (cell wall), while others will become security within the city, or police officers (plasma membrane). Both of these occupations would deal with working with a jail (nuclear envelope). Another job may be working at the town hall (nucleus), or maybe at the library (chromosomes). Some may go on to be construction workers (intermediate filaments) that build the houses (microtubules) of the city which make up the neighborhoods (centrioles) which then ultimately lead to the city’s skyline (cytoskeleton). Other jobs available include working at the city power plant (mitochondria), working at the grocery store (vacuoles), working at McDonald’s (plastids), working at the local Kikkoman factory (golgi complex), and last but not least, working at the town dump (lysosomes). All of the graduates are excited to move out into the world. Some will remain in the city, while others may leave, but one things for sure – no one will ever forget the beautiful landscape of the trees (peroxisomes) and lakes (cilia, flagella) that made up their home town. Thank goodness they grew up in Cell City. Goodbye Cell City School, hello world!
Cell City Story
CELLULAND #847234
Once upon a time, there was a town called Celluland. In the center of Celluland, was an information center called the Nucleus. This was the place where everyone went to retrieve their brains.
There are an infinite number of Cellulands, and they are all alike. Surrounding the entire city was a massive wall that kept all the inhabitants in, like a prison. It also kept intruders out, as well as the huge Atlantic Ocean (aqueous environment).. While the wall kept people in, occasionally there were visitors who could come through the wall. They were helped in by Security Proteins, but they were very size and shape discriminatory.
A big business in the town is the Golgi Post Office. It modifies, sorts, and packages all the products made in Celluland, and then sends it out to all of the citizens. The people of Celluland are very environmentally conscious, and so there was Mitochondra Inc., which served the purpose of garbage composting. This compost produces energy to fuel the entire town!
There is a bakery called “Ribosome’s”, which makes protein and RNA cookies. There are a bunch of these little bakeries, on top of Endoplasmic Reticulum Square. Only the ER’s live on this square. The ER’s are a group of artists, and since the city is so green, they make their art out of old materials, which they transform into something useful and functional. There is the Peroxisome Police Station, which fought crime in the form of the bad Toxins.
The plantlife is made mostly of Cilia and Flagella, which moves, so you have to watch out for it!
Since people have too many belongings, they have to store them somewhere! There are separate storage houses called Plastids (to store the solid things) and Vacuoles (for all their liquids).
The city is enclosed in a giant bubble called the Cytoskeleton, which provides shape, yet is flexible for easy movement within the ocean. The bubble is made up of certain spindle fiber materials called microtubules (which are organized into centrioles). These allow the city to split and break apart into separate parts once it is time. Until that time comes, however, Intermediate Filaments help strengthen the bubble so it is not destroyed. In order for it to move around in the ocean, there are microfilaments which allow the bubbles change of shape and movement!
Once upon a time, there was a town called Celluland. In the center of Celluland, was an information center called the Nucleus. This was the place where everyone went to retrieve their brains.
There are an infinite number of Cellulands, and they are all alike. Surrounding the entire city was a massive wall that kept all the inhabitants in, like a prison. It also kept intruders out, as well as the huge Atlantic Ocean (aqueous environment).. While the wall kept people in, occasionally there were visitors who could come through the wall. They were helped in by Security Proteins, but they were very size and shape discriminatory.
A big business in the town is the Golgi Post Office. It modifies, sorts, and packages all the products made in Celluland, and then sends it out to all of the citizens. The people of Celluland are very environmentally conscious, and so there was Mitochondra Inc., which served the purpose of garbage composting. This compost produces energy to fuel the entire town!
There is a bakery called “Ribosome’s”, which makes protein and RNA cookies. There are a bunch of these little bakeries, on top of Endoplasmic Reticulum Square. Only the ER’s live on this square. The ER’s are a group of artists, and since the city is so green, they make their art out of old materials, which they transform into something useful and functional. There is the Peroxisome Police Station, which fought crime in the form of the bad Toxins.
The plantlife is made mostly of Cilia and Flagella, which moves, so you have to watch out for it!
Since people have too many belongings, they have to store them somewhere! There are separate storage houses called Plastids (to store the solid things) and Vacuoles (for all their liquids).
The city is enclosed in a giant bubble called the Cytoskeleton, which provides shape, yet is flexible for easy movement within the ocean. The bubble is made up of certain spindle fiber materials called microtubules (which are organized into centrioles). These allow the city to split and break apart into separate parts once it is time. Until that time comes, however, Intermediate Filaments help strengthen the bubble so it is not destroyed. In order for it to move around in the ocean, there are microfilaments which allow the bubbles change of shape and movement!
The Adventures of Protein
Ribosome, a married woman born in the nucleoli of Eukaryville, lived in the countryside. She struggled working 40+ hours weekly at the Mitochondrion, which provides energy to the city. Her husband, E. Coli, worked at the Golgi Complex distributing various supplies to different organelles. The two had a son, Protein. Ribosome and E. Coli wanted the best for Protein so they enrolled him in a top school of Eukaryville, Endoplasmic Reticulum. There they said their good-byes as Protein entered the Lumen Dormatory at his young, primary stage. Over his years of education and development, tuition became overwhelming for his parents. E. Coli turned to employee theft for support. He was soon prosecuted and jailed in the Peroxisome Jail Center to be "detoxified."
Graduation came quickly thereafter. Protein, now in his tertiary structure, was ready to face Eukaryville. Being an intellectual, Protein began studying at the Chromosonal Library in the Nuclear Envelope Section to understand where he came from. After his self-discovery, Protein went to work at the local post office, the Centriole. The Centriole was located near downtown Eukaryville, known as Nucleous Square. He quickly fell into the routine of his daily commute along Cytoskeleton Route K and Microtubial Ave.
A sudden realization overcame Protein one day overlooking Vacuole Pond. He hadn't seen seen his mother in years. He quickly drove along a dirt road, Microfilament Blvd., to the outskirts of Eukarville known as the Plasma Membrane. "Dad's sick" exclaimed Ribosome.
"What do you mean, ma?" questioned Protein.
"I had to put him in a home...," explained Ribosome.
Protein rushed to the Lysosome Retirement Home near the Golgi Complex. He had to see his father one more time. As he arrived, E. Coli was in bad shape. Protein said his goodbyes not knowing if E. Coli could hear...
The Darkest Day in the Cell
This cell was like any other, it had a Town Hall (Nucleus), family restaurants (Plastids), Wal-Mart ( Golgi Complex), and a Sentry(Vacuoles). On the weekends the people (Microfilaments) would take the trains (Cilia) to the beach in far off places away from the safety of the Cell Wall. Then in Central Station (Centriols) on a Saturday like any other the lights flashed once the all was dark. People were panicking and all available policemen (Intermediate Filaments) were dispatched to the power plant (Mitochondria) to see what went wrong. When they arrived there was smoke and flames everywhere, a terrible roar arose from the wreckage and an enormous Toxin reared up and crushed all the policemen before they could draw their weapons. Mr. Ribosome (the local butcher) who witnessed the event hidden in his meat freezer called the mayor (Nucleoli). Orders were issued for the immediate destruction of the terrible beast but no one dared approach it. The Toxin was making its way closer to the Nucleus as it was bent on destroying the Chromosome Archives. As it was about to obliterate the security (Nuclear Envelope) outside the hall a powerful thundering sound came from over head, the people looked up just in time to see the Peroxisome Special Forces drop out of their helicopters with their weapons hot to rip apart the Toxin in the rain of metal. After the quick battle the remains of the toxin were sent to the lab (lysosomes) to be analyzed.
by Gabriel Brownell and Kayla Hauser.
by Gabriel Brownell and Kayla Hauser.
Cell City
Today's agenda : Nutrient family's tour of the city
Welcome to Cell City Nutrient family. We are the Microtubules (aka the city council) and we are very pleased to have you here. As you could see when you came in, our city is very protected. Our Cell Wall surrounds and supports our city and the Plasma Membrane works along side of the cell wall letting things in and out of our city. Right now you are in the Nucleus which houses all the genetic material of our city like floor plans and the layout. Also in this building are the Nuclear Envelopes which separate the city structures from the liquid environment using their handy dandy Chromosomes. Our Cytoskeleton is kept strong with the help of our Intermediate Filaments and their civil duties. The intermediate filaments also keep the Endoplasmic Reticulum in check along with its inmates. Now for you Nucleoli, your little Ribosomes will be safe from toxins here. We have extensive Lysosomes who take care of the used food products and so we aren't too wasteful, the Mitochondria break down old food for energy. Just in case, we have very skilled Peroxisomes ready to detoxify you and your little ones. Now you being the nutrient family we understand that proper nutrients must be available so we have many local Plastids and Vacuoles made in our Golgi Complex to fill those needs. To get around in our vast city Cilia and Flagella are made available to everyone. Don't worry, if you have any problems with them, the Gentrioles will fix them right up. Now that we have concluded our tour, we will send you to our Microfilaments who will help you find housing to change our cell shape with the addition of your family. We hope you enjoy our city, and welcome to Cell City.
Welcome to Cell City Nutrient family. We are the Microtubules (aka the city council) and we are very pleased to have you here. As you could see when you came in, our city is very protected. Our Cell Wall surrounds and supports our city and the Plasma Membrane works along side of the cell wall letting things in and out of our city. Right now you are in the Nucleus which houses all the genetic material of our city like floor plans and the layout. Also in this building are the Nuclear Envelopes which separate the city structures from the liquid environment using their handy dandy Chromosomes. Our Cytoskeleton is kept strong with the help of our Intermediate Filaments and their civil duties. The intermediate filaments also keep the Endoplasmic Reticulum in check along with its inmates. Now for you Nucleoli, your little Ribosomes will be safe from toxins here. We have extensive Lysosomes who take care of the used food products and so we aren't too wasteful, the Mitochondria break down old food for energy. Just in case, we have very skilled Peroxisomes ready to detoxify you and your little ones. Now you being the nutrient family we understand that proper nutrients must be available so we have many local Plastids and Vacuoles made in our Golgi Complex to fill those needs. To get around in our vast city Cilia and Flagella are made available to everyone. Don't worry, if you have any problems with them, the Gentrioles will fix them right up. Now that we have concluded our tour, we will send you to our Microfilaments who will help you find housing to change our cell shape with the addition of your family. We hope you enjoy our city, and welcome to Cell City.
Cell City Story
It was the annual opening of cell city and everyone was invited on a tour. They were going to see everything and everyone. They first entered through the cell wall where they walked through metal detectors and there ending up being one “bad” guy that got kicked out. In cell city the entire population had to be necessary for cellular functioning. Once everyone got through they traveled to the membrane, or the immigrant. Everyone met the standards. Someone asked what their newly built library looked like so they putted on over to the nucleus. When they walked through the doors the nuclear envelope greeted them and showed them where all the books were. They got to see the Nucleoli’s genetic material and automatically they all wanted to meet Nucleoli. They headed over to the school where he was producing top-of-the-line factory workers. These workers are Ribosomes and essential in making proteins. They then went to the factory with already skilled Ribosomes working there then they meet the exporting director named Endoplasmic Reticulum. He decided where the proteins would be sent. The Golgi Complex would come in and package and be the FedEx man of the city.
Next they went to the Waste Management to see where all the bad things were collected to be removed. Theses bad materials where collected by the Peroxisomes or garbage men. Next they went to see the generators that powered the whole city. These generators were called Mitochondria. They helped powered the mom and pap store. This was where you can by food and water anytime of the day.
They were then showed the cytoskeleton skyline. It was made up of microtubules buildings. Many of the cities people worked in these building. Theses people were on different intermediate filament floors. Each floor contained many microfilament rooms. The Centrioles are the construction workers who build the building and the roads that surround the town. Our most popular street is Cilia street followed by Flagella lane.
Next they went to the Waste Management to see where all the bad things were collected to be removed. Theses bad materials where collected by the Peroxisomes or garbage men. Next they went to see the generators that powered the whole city. These generators were called Mitochondria. They helped powered the mom and pap store. This was where you can by food and water anytime of the day.
They were then showed the cytoskeleton skyline. It was made up of microtubules buildings. Many of the cities people worked in these building. Theses people were on different intermediate filament floors. Each floor contained many microfilament rooms. The Centrioles are the construction workers who build the building and the roads that surround the town. Our most popular street is Cilia street followed by Flagella lane.
Monday, September 14, 2009
Chapter 4: Food for Thought
Why do integral proteins position themselves in such a way in the lipid bilayer? What is the relevance of this to facilitated diffusion?
Chapter 4 - Test Question
There are many different types of membranes that are in the human body. First explain what a membrane is and then explain the difference between biological membranes and plasma membranes.
Chapter 2
Water is a necessary componet of life to most living things. List resons why water plays an important role in living systems.
Unit 1 Questions to ponder
Here is a list of questions that you can use as a study guide. You can go to this post last. If you have time at the end of class, you can choose a couple of questions that were not addressed by your peers and feel free to comment on them.
What are the properties that make water important to biological systems?
What are the differences between the three different types of bonds that make up biological molecules?
What is the difference between a structural formula and a molecular formula?
What does the pH scale tell you and how is it important to biological systems?
What are the characteristics of all living organisms?
How are buffers important to biological systems?
How do the four different structures of proteins differ from each other?
How does an enzyme increase the rate of chemical reactions?
What interactions can occur with the enzyme and another molecule to impact the ability of the enzyme to perform its functions?
What are the modes of facilitated transport and active transport and how are they different from each other?
What are the detailed processes of exocytosis and endocytosis and how do they work?
How are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis different from each other?
Describe the four main classes of macromolecules discussed in class. What are their monomers (subunits) and what are the elements that make up each of the macromolecules? Also be sure to give an example of a function for each of the macromolecules.
What are the properties that make water important to biological systems?
What are the differences between the three different types of bonds that make up biological molecules?
What is the difference between a structural formula and a molecular formula?
What does the pH scale tell you and how is it important to biological systems?
What are the characteristics of all living organisms?
How are buffers important to biological systems?
How do the four different structures of proteins differ from each other?
How does an enzyme increase the rate of chemical reactions?
What interactions can occur with the enzyme and another molecule to impact the ability of the enzyme to perform its functions?
What are the modes of facilitated transport and active transport and how are they different from each other?
What are the detailed processes of exocytosis and endocytosis and how do they work?
How are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis different from each other?
Describe the four main classes of macromolecules discussed in class. What are their monomers (subunits) and what are the elements that make up each of the macromolecules? Also be sure to give an example of a function for each of the macromolecules.
Chapter 4 post
Explain what active transports are and their role then differentiate them from facilitated difffusion
Question for Chapter 1
Explain how the processes of the 8th and 9th characteristics of life, and compare their differences and similarities.
Chapter 3
In fatty acids, there are hydrophilic ends and hydrophobic ends. Where does each come from, and what does it mean?
Chapter 1 post
One of the characteristics of life is that living things develop. Explain what it means for a living organism to develop.
Lucas' Chapter 1 Post
In chapter one the book referred to several things we learned in Bio 1, one of these being evolution. One of the biggest parts of evolution is adaptation, "adaptation is any genetically determined characteristic that has been selected for and that occurs in a large part of the population because it increases an individuals chance of reproducing successfully." as defined by the book. My question is: Why is adaptation so important to the survival of a species?
Chapter 3
Biological Chemistry: Variations on Four Themes
-There are 4 main classes of organic compounds. What are they, and what do they do?
Chapter 3
Name and give the basic explanation of what all four protein structures specifically look at.
Chapter 2
In chapter 2 one thing we learned about was the importance of water in the world and in living and nonliving systems. Seeing that it's important what are the six properties of water?
Biology 2 Test Question: Chapter 1
What is a cell, and how is it used in the fundamental concepts of biology?
Friday, September 11, 2009
Cell Transport Systems
We are going to be starting Chapter 4. It is about the cell membrane and how cells move materials in and out. Discuss some of the different transport systems including diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis. Also, retakes will be available on the amino acid quiz on Tuesday, and there will be a Unit 1 Exam on Wednesday, so you should start preparing for that. If you would like, you may start a posting that asks questions, and use the blog as a tool to communicate with your classmates on topics that you are having problems with.
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
Do a little research!
What are the differences between high density and low density lipoproteins? Also, what are some of the other uses for lipids in the human body? How are carbohydrates used by the human body?
Biochemistry
Why is it so important to know about the chemistry of macromolecules when we are going to discuss cellular biology? Also, how are lipids different from carbohydrates in the way they are structurally designed?
Thursday, September 3, 2009
Basic Chemistry
Discuss some of the things in chemistry that you think might be important when we are discussing the chemistry of living systems.
Wednesday, September 2, 2009
First blog of Fall 2009
Tell me about your summer. Remember to use your exemplary writing skills when you post.
Friday, March 27, 2009
Thursday, March 26, 2009
Wednesday, March 25, 2009
Cell Division
How is it possible for "conjoined" twins to exist? What happens during cell division for this to take place?
That's Cold
I want to know what physically happens when you get brain freeze. Also, Why is Ethan Hill so beautiful? Is he human?
Bacteria in Food---Deadly or Helpful?
I'm sure you hear all those breaking news reports that have new deadly "bacteria" running arround in our favorite foods. Scary, right? Well, not exactly, because some bacteria can be quite beneficial to your health. Take yogurt, for example, this wholesome snack contains thousands of cultures that aid your digestive system, and alleviate stomach pains. People who commonly eat food full of bacteria (not the really sickening kind) have higher immunities to certain illnesses and better absorb nutrients. What do you think? Is bacteria helpful or harmful? Use some research before you post. Happy hunting!
Fast Food Controversy. Fit for your waller and you?
As many of us know, America is in a huge recession, one perhaps too deep for even the amazing President Obabma-who can to anything- to overcome. So, with the Americans lacking money and hungry they reach for the fast food market to cure their lonliness, and perhas their hunger. You are to research and see the benefits, if any, to eating fast food. And also to indentify the side effects of eating such a diet and how often is too much. Finally, in a concluding paragraph, in your own opinion, try to guess how it is that Ethan Hill is so beautiful. Is he human?
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
Debate Reflections
Looking back on the debates, give one comment that surprised you and one comment that you did not necessarily agree with for each of the debates. Just for the sake of reminding you, these are the topics of the debates:
1. Pollution
2. Energy Conservation (lightbulbs)
3. The Ocean
4. Global Warming
5. Deforestation
6. Recycling
You need to have 12 total comments.
1. Pollution
2. Energy Conservation (lightbulbs)
3. The Ocean
4. Global Warming
5. Deforestation
6. Recycling
You need to have 12 total comments.
Friday, March 20, 2009
Current event in genetics
choose 3 articles to review and summarize. You can do your reviews on Word, copy and paste your responses as a comment to this post.
Special Interest Group Representation
You need to come up with the name of the group you will be representing for your debate on Monday. Also, give some information about the group and why they are interested in the cause they are defending.
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
Debate Questions
Only one person from each group needs to respond to this post, but make sure to give the names of the group members. Give me an idea of where you are in this process. If you have your debate questions, post them so they can be fine tuned if necessary.
Tuesday, March 17, 2009
Mendel
Give me a one page (Word) response pasted in the comment area that explain the role that Mendel played in the history of genetics. Describe him as a person and how he developed his theories.
Money making opportunity
Being the entrepreneur that your are, you are going to start a business that will benefit from the changes in the new environment that you have started with your new bill. Discuss your business plan and what you will need to do to benefit financially from these new business opportunities that have recently presented themselves.
Your Bill has been passed
You have just received notification that your bill has been passed and you have been named the head of the committee to decide what are the next steps to take to get changes up and running in the country. Look at your information and comment on the next steps you need to take to get the changes running through the country. Remember that these changes need to be realistic, but you also want to emphasize that you are doing the most important things for your cause.
Monday, March 16, 2009
View the link
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/divide.html
View the following link, and then discuss the major differences between meiosis and mitosis.
View the following link, and then discuss the major differences between meiosis and mitosis.
Government Reply
Your letter has been received and comments on your cause have been included. You need to defend your stance. The government has had some minor issues with your presentation and you need to increase the information that will push your cause to the top of the concerns list. An example of one of the issues would be the loss of jobs and resources due to the decreasing areas of deforestation.
You need to show how your plan would not only be viable to the environment, but also to the economy.
You need to show how your plan would not only be viable to the environment, but also to the economy.
Friday, March 13, 2009
Cell Division
Chapter 14 takes a look into the reproduction of eukaryotic cells. Some common terms that are used when looking at cell reproduction are often interchanged with others and they actually have very different meanings. Distinguish between the following sets of terms:
1. haploid, diploid, tetraploid
2. somatic cell, germ cell, body cell, gamete, fertilization, zygote
3. cell cycle, interphase, mitosis
4. kinetochore, mitotic spindle, cytokinesis
5. synapsis, tetrad, chiasma
After that, explain the roles that nutrition, growth factors and cyclin-dependent kinase play in the control of cell division.
1. haploid, diploid, tetraploid
2. somatic cell, germ cell, body cell, gamete, fertilization, zygote
3. cell cycle, interphase, mitosis
4. kinetochore, mitotic spindle, cytokinesis
5. synapsis, tetrad, chiasma
After that, explain the roles that nutrition, growth factors and cyclin-dependent kinase play in the control of cell division.
Reflection
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29664783/
Follow this link to a story on economic issues with recycling and post a comment on the practicality and the benefits to the community of being a more efficient recycler.
Follow this link to a story on economic issues with recycling and post a comment on the practicality and the benefits to the community of being a more efficient recycler.
Going Green
http://www.thedailygreen.com/green-homes/eco-friendly/columbus-ohio-going-green-460309
Follow the link above and read the article on a cities steps towards increasing awareness of the importance of taking care of their environment. Then, propose a strategy to help increase the efforts of environmentally sound actions in Walworth, WI. You can put these thoughts in the comment area of this post.
Follow the link above and read the article on a cities steps towards increasing awareness of the importance of taking care of their environment. Then, propose a strategy to help increase the efforts of environmentally sound actions in Walworth, WI. You can put these thoughts in the comment area of this post.
Thursday, March 12, 2009
Forensics
You know that friend you have that no one really likes, but they just kind of tolerate him, and you don't really like him, but you haven't gotten around to telling him to just leave you alone? Let's call him Ethan. Well, Ethan is coming over to your dinner party, and he is going to be bragging about how the FBI just hired him to be the head of their new Forensics division. Being well versed in how Ethan operates, he is going to be dropping all this infor about his great new job. So being the highly educated person that you are, you decide to do a little research about the position before he gets there, so you can really get under his skin by knowing exactly what he is talking about.
Comment on this post with all of the information you acquire about the skills needed (and what those skills are used for) if you want to be a forensic scientist for the FBI. This should take you the whole class. If you find yourself getting done early, you did not do enough research. This is a very broad field, so you will probably be better off creating your post in word while you are doing your research and then pasting it in at the end of class.
Comment on this post with all of the information you acquire about the skills needed (and what those skills are used for) if you want to be a forensic scientist for the FBI. This should take you the whole class. If you find yourself getting done early, you did not do enough research. This is a very broad field, so you will probably be better off creating your post in word while you are doing your research and then pasting it in at the end of class.
Wednesday, March 11, 2009
Tuesday, March 10, 2009
Genetic Engineering
It is easy to discuss and find examples of the benefits of genetic engineering. It is also important to be informed when making a decision. With that in mind, do some research to find examples of genetic engineering gone bad. What was the initial purpose of the work and what went wrong. Use this example to discuss the idea of the other side of genetic engineering. The purpose of this is to have you realize that there is always another side to the story.
Natural Selection
http://notexactlyrocketscience.wordpress.com/2006/11/23/natural-selection-does-a-handbrake-turn-quick-evolution-at-work/
Follow the link above to read an article about natural selection and discuss the genetic role of this phenomenon. As we begin to look at genetic engineering, it is important to see genetic change in nature and how the role of biotechnology has and will speed up the process for the better (or worse?).
Follow the link above to read an article about natural selection and discuss the genetic role of this phenomenon. As we begin to look at genetic engineering, it is important to see genetic change in nature and how the role of biotechnology has and will speed up the process for the better (or worse?).
Monday, March 9, 2009
Stem Cells
What is the deal with these stem cell things. Why are they so important? Why is there so much controversy over using them? Drop some knowledge on me. This is a particularly hot topic right now, because of the political actions that are under way, so make sure to give the opposing views.
Environmental project posting
What is your progress? Let me know what you have found so far and what direction you are headed in.
Friday, March 6, 2009
for fun
http://www.sporcle.com/games/aminoacids.php
Follow the link above and see how much you remember. This is a little warm up.
Here are a few more fun ones when you get done with the first one:
http://www.sporcle.com/games/heartanatomy.php
http://www.sporcle.com/games/bones.php
http://www.sporcle.com/games/elements.php
http://www.sporcle.com/games/planetsfromthesun.php
http://www.sporcle.com/games/multiplication_table.php
Follow the link above and see how much you remember. This is a little warm up.
Here are a few more fun ones when you get done with the first one:
http://www.sporcle.com/games/heartanatomy.php
http://www.sporcle.com/games/bones.php
http://www.sporcle.com/games/elements.php
http://www.sporcle.com/games/planetsfromthesun.php
http://www.sporcle.com/games/multiplication_table.php
Pollution Experiment
Discuss the experience of picking up the garbage around the campus in relation to an environmental viewpoint. What was something that you found particularly disturbing about the activity (besides the dirt and germs).
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
Final Project
You should start considering what you would like to do for a final project. The project will include taking an issue about the environment and raising awareness in multiple ways. Take some time to research an issue that you are interested in and when you have an idea of what you want to do, post a comment explaining what you are interested in, why you chose that topic, and a few ideas as to what you can do to raise awareness on this topic.
Monday, March 2, 2009
Biology 2 Genetics Post
http://www.uww.edu/cls/departments/biology/terp/labs/2006/chan1.pdf
Follow this link to read a research paper of some of the different things that are happening here in Wisconsin with regards to genetics. In all actuality, this was a research program that I was a part of this summer and the work that was done was a piece of a long term project to determine genetic and biochemical factors. After you have read the article, post a comment on it and make sure that it identifies the purpose, procedure and findings of the article. Also discuss the outline of the experiment in terms of the set up an the method of running the experiment.
Follow this link to read a research paper of some of the different things that are happening here in Wisconsin with regards to genetics. In all actuality, this was a research program that I was a part of this summer and the work that was done was a piece of a long term project to determine genetic and biochemical factors. After you have read the article, post a comment on it and make sure that it identifies the purpose, procedure and findings of the article. Also discuss the outline of the experiment in terms of the set up an the method of running the experiment.
Evolution
Create a 2 page story in Word and paste it to this post as a comment. In your story, you are a journalist that has been sent to cover a dramatic evolutionary event that has drastically changed the overall ecosystem. You must describe the environment, the evolutionary change, the impact on the environment and future implications.
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
Monday, February 23, 2009
Current Events in Genetics
Select an article about genetics and give a summary of the article. Should be a 2-3 paragraph summary that gives the implications of the work being done in the area you choose to research.
Friday, February 20, 2009
Recycling
Design a plan to improve the recycling effort here at Big Foot. Make sure that this plan take into effect an informational strategy to inform the people about the benefits and how much one person's actions can help worldwide.
Thursday, February 19, 2009
Biology 2- Protein Synthesis
Discuss the process of protein synthesis. Start with DNA, and finish with a functional (quaternary structure) protein.
Biomes
Pick a specific biome to BRIEFLY research. Discuss the environmental pressures that particular biome is facing and what can be done to relieve some of those pressures.
Oceans
Discuss the ocean as an environment, citing examples from the video, and discuss what happens when environmental pressures are added to that environment. Also, discuss how we have a negative impact on that environment.
Tuesday, February 17, 2009
Genetic Disorders
Post a comment that informs the reader about the disorder that you chose followed by your findings.
Evolutionary impact
What would be a possible evolutionary transition for insects and the resistance of particular pesticides? How does this have an impact on the environment?
Evolution and the environment
Evolution is a concept that looks at the changes in organisms over a period of time. Whi is evolution considered to be such an important idea in biology?
Friday, February 13, 2009
One page
Use Word to compose a post that explains how environmental concerns are different in Walworth County than they would be in a different part of the world. Have your post compare us to places of different climates, economic status, etc... Make you post about one page in Word, then copy and paste it in the comment section.
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
Outbreak
Give at least 5 examples of how Outbreak has an impact on Environmental Science. Make sure to sight specific examples from the movie and how they are relative to the environment.
Friday, February 6, 2009
Cancer Research
What did you find that surprised you about cancer, and what are some things that made you feel differently about any current thoughts you had about the disease.
Current Issues in the Environment
Find a 2 current events. One needs to a positive article and one needs to be an article that points out a need for some kind of action. Read the articles and give summaries of the stories you choose. After the summaries has been completed, give your opinion on what you can do to make the situations better, or how you can lend support to the event if it is referring to something positive that is already occuring. Also discuss why you think this is something that is important for you to be aware of. Make sure that your summaries are unbiased reviews of the articles, and your opinion is the section that you discuss how you feel after reading the articles.
Thursday, February 5, 2009
The Dynamic Earth
Describe the key points from the section that you were assigned to summarize. In your summary, make sure to include the reason that the information you are covering is relevant to the environment.
Friday, January 30, 2009
Lab Experience
Rate the lab on a scale of 1 to 10. Also, explain why you gave it that rating. Discuss the ease or difficulty you had with this activity. Were the directions on the sheets clear? Were you able to complete the activity? Was the write up fairly easy or not? Add any other comments that you would like to address.
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Global Warming
A person told me yesterday that global warming is just a big joke and it doesn't really exist. Do some brief research (10 to 15 minutes) on global warming and answer the 3 following questions:
1. What is global warming?
2. Why do people think that it is something that is just a joke and doesn't really exist?
3. What do you think?
1. What is global warming?
2. Why do people think that it is something that is just a joke and doesn't really exist?
3. What do you think?
Wednesday, January 28, 2009
Expectations
Tell us a little about yourself and why you took this class. I am especially interested to see if this class is something that you will need for your future potential career. In other words, do you plan on studying science in the future and have a career in a science related field. If not, what is wrong with you?
Biology 2-1
We will be looking at things like microbiology, genetics, evolution, and ecology in this section of Biology 2. Post a comment that explains what each of these topics has to do with biology and why they are important to you.
Tuesday, January 27, 2009
Environmental Issues
First, define what environmental science means to you and why you wanted to take this course. When you have completed that, discuss one topic that you are familiar with that relates to the environment and why it is important to you.
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Systems working together
Think about how the systems that we discussed and some of the one's that we haven't but you should know something about have to work together. Specifically, look at how the digestive system, the respiratory system and the circulatory system have to work together to provide us with the ability to make energy and other essential products at the cellular level.
Add a blog that discusses how all these systems work together to perform these complex tasks.
Add a blog that discusses how all these systems work together to perform these complex tasks.
Friday, January 9, 2009
Digestive System
Trace yesterday's candy through the system and give all of the important details along the way.
Monday, January 5, 2009
Muscular System
You have just had a patient come in with a muscle that will not contract. You have discovered that the patient will not produce any acetylcholine. How does this important part of the contraction process affect the rest of the process? What steps in the process of the muscle contraction will not be able to take place because of the lack of acetylcholine?
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